Daniel Saldaña París – LALT https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org Latin American Literature Today Wed, 25 Sep 2024 01:35:41 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7 Planes Flying over a Monster, translated by Christina MacSweeney & Philip K. Zimmerman https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2024/09/planes-flying-over-a-monster-translated-by-christina-macsweeney-philip-k-zimmerman/ https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2024/09/planes-flying-over-a-monster-translated-by-christina-macsweeney-philip-k-zimmerman/#respond Mon, 23 Sep 2024 17:21:01 +0000 https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/?p=36534 From one of Mexico’s most exciting young writers, a cosmopolitan and candid essay collection exploring life in cities across the world and reflecting on the transformative importance of literature in understanding ourselves

In ten intimate essays, Daniel Saldaña París explores the cities he has lived in, each one home to a new iteration of himself. In Mexico City, he’s a young poet eager to prove himself. In Montreal, an opioid addict desperate for relief. In Madrid, a lonely student seeking pleasure in grotesque extremes. These now diverging, now coalescing selves raise questions: Where can we find authenticity? How do we construct the stories that define us? What if our formative memories are closer to fiction than truth? 

Saldaña París turns to literature and film, poetry and philosophy for answers. The result is a hybrid of memoir and criticism, “a sensory work, full of soundscapes, filth, planes, closed spaces, open vastness” (El País).

 

Notes on the Fetishization of Silence 

Until just lately, I was living in another city—to the north, far north, too far north. For half the year, the windows of my apartment remained closed twenty-four seven: it was an old building and the ice used to jam the mechanism for opening them. The subzero temperatures, the hail and snow from November to April—sometimes even May—made any form of spatial communion impossible: outside, the frozen waste; inside, the refuge. The frontier between them was doing its level best to be impassable: steamed up or frosted double-glazing. It was, then, a muffled home with wooden flooring. 

For six months, without interruption, the only sounds were the creaking of the floorboards, the scuttling of the mice inside the walls, water filling the central heating radiators—ancient, painted metal monstrosities standing by the walls. Sound was something that happened indoors. Like when you submerge your head in a bathtub and hear only your own movements, the flow of blood, the dark viscera pulsing in their slow but steady jog toward the tomb. 

In such conditions, house and body perform a species of mirrored dance. The rumbling of the pipes stretching as they woke would make me focus my hearing on my digestive system—slow as a lazy mule, made sluggish by the quietness of everything. The rat-a-tat of the frozen rain—neither hail nor snow: a midpoint between the two—would set my nerves on edge: sharp, pointy nerves like the icicles on the church across the street. The scratching of the rodents’ feet sounded like something murky living inside me and trying to find a way out. And so it was with everything. You might say that an unsettling harmony reigned there. 

Once a day, I’d force myself to leave the house to walk for a while. The sidewalks, bordered by snow on either side, became rough country lanes. The gaunt faces of pedestrians, swathed to the eyeballs in winter clothing, passed like ghosts: the footsteps of others made no noise; only my own, crunch-crunching the ice, forming cold footprints that a flurry of snow would soon blur. And the bequilted children pulled on sledges along those wintery paths like miniature despots of a very civil tundra—timid Mongols whispering orders to their horses, courteous Huns on snow-white roads—rarely cried. 

So, every afternoon I’d walk to my regular haunt, a café archetypically called Club Social, where my hearing would be quickly restored by the Romance hubbub of the Italians, a dearly longed-for sound, vaguely familiar but also strange: words deformed by centuries and migrations; Latin cackles allied to Anglo howls; orders for cappuccinos yelled in macaronic French, with vowels tripping over themselves—vowels muffled by the leaden weight of the damned snow. There in the Club Social on Rue Saint-Viateur, I’d sit for a while to warm up, surrounded by a very particular, even slightly predictable buzz—but at least a noise—that to some extent replaced the non-existent late December sun. 

 

 

Later, on my way back home—that incredible, almost soundproof shell—I’d stop in at the bakery frequented by the Hasidic Jews, who would continue grumbling in Yiddish on their cell phones while ordering a dozen rugelach from the Chinese assistant behind the counter. 

At night, the sound of the gigantic snowplows would sometimes interrupt my sleep, passing through the double glazing like a dim but still recognizable memory: whistles, motors, crash crash, metal shovels hitting the cold asphalt. 

Spring wasn’t the rush of joy you see in cartoons, but a constant flow of liquids, a slow drip-dripping: life connected to the saline pack of the thaw. On the roof, walled-in rivers reemerged, drains that suddenly sprang to life and channeled the water from the highest tiles to the barren earth. The icicles hanging from the church, ping ping, gradually losing their shape to become dirty puddles from which drank the first squirrels to appear on the sidewalks. 

In some sense, conversation also unfroze; in the street, polyglot profanities could be heard, and the splashing of car tires through the blackish, watery mud that goes by the onomatopoeic name of slush. 

 

 

Returning to live in Mexico City has involved, above all else, returning to a noise that, however familiar, still jars. The transition hasn’t been simple. On the first nights, I woke every half hour, startled by the howling of the neighbor’s dog, a helicopter passing overhead, two people chatting by the elevator of my building. Punctually, at 3 a.m., a series of descending planes would rouse me. At times, resigned to the interruption of my dreams, I’d go to my seventh-floor balcony and listen to the distant motors of the trucks on the Eje, the sirens, a party refusing to die down two floors below. The constant din, impossible to shut out, was driving me crazy. 

After a few days, I bought a packet of earplugs that at least allowed me to sleep more deeply. In the metrobus, I got into the habit of wearing headphones at all times—even if nothing was coming through them—to partially drown out the din of the city, which attained seriously harmful levels of sonic interference. In the café where I used to sit and work, I took to listening to white noise via an app I downloaded on my phone to block out the bachata music coming from the speakers and the conversation of other customers. 

Those early days after landing in Mexico City were followed by others, when I experimented with a wide variety of possibilities. I began to follow a podcast about urban sonic environments that had an episode dedicated to different cities, so that one day I found myself crossing Parque Hundido while listening to the street cries of New Delhi. The fissure that opened between the sound of one city and the vision of another later allowed me to recover a certain form of surprise at the music of the Mexican capital. 

“Last night, the big gray cat of my childhood came to me. I told him that noise stalks and harries me,” writes Antonio di Benedetto in The Silentiary. After an hour spent listening to a program on the sonic landscape of Copenhagen, the distant whistle of the camotero with his cartload of sweet potatoes seemed to me—how can I put it?—exotic, and only through that exoticization was I able to bear the harassment that Di Benedetto refers to. 

Maybe there’s nothing for it but to accept the noise, welcome it, resign yourself to it, or seek out its unsuspected characteristics, like when you learn to stroke an animal on the part of its flank that it likes best. 

 

 

I can’t say that the reconciliation has been complete, but there is a tacit recognition that living cities speak, they howl, they shatter the whole night in a crashing of glass. We, their inhabitants, can shudder with impotent rage, buy ever more sophisticated earplugs, or create a level of silence in our beds by putting a pillow over our heads, or closing our eyes in the shower, or in the darkness of a room, or standing at a window only to discover that others are looking at us from identical windows across the street. 

In The Soundscape, the book that coined that term “sonic environment,” Murray Schafer speaks of the need to view silence positively: “If we have a hope of improving the acoustic design of the world, it will be realizable only after the recovery of silence as a positive state in our lives. Still the noise in the mind: that is the first task—then everything else will follow in time.” 

The Norwegian explorer Erling Kagge (the first human to reach the South Pole, the North Pole, and the summit of Everest, and whom I met one afternoon in the clammy heat of the airport in Medellín), in Silence: In the Age of Noise, describes an experiment carried out in the universities of Harvard and Virginia: a group of people were offered the choice of sitting silently in an empty room with no distractions or receiving painful electric shocks. Almost half the participants chose the electric shock over passing a short while in silence. 

I wonder if I’d have formed part of that masochistic group who chose the electric shock or been one of the silent meditators. A few months ago, during the long northern winter, I would, without a moment’s hesitation, have plumped for the silence. Nowadays, I’m not so certain. 

 

 

All meditation techniques speak of the importance of breathing in the attempt to “still the noise in the mind.” The problem is that one breathes differently in different places. I was born in this noisy city and didn’t immediately learn to breathe well. They put me in an incubator, and after a few hours of observation, the doctors decided I’d be able to learn on my own and sent me home. But I didn’t learn. At school, I used to forget to breathe correctly. Asthma sent me to another, warmer city at a lower altitude and, in those days—and perhaps still—less noisy. In each of the cities I’ve inhabited—whether the bustle of Madrid or the silence of the northern city mentioned earlier—I’ve had to learn anew how to breathe. But in Mexico City I’m constantly learning. I retain air for a whole minute and then exhale in puffs, I take three or four large gulps and then pause, unconsciously holding my breath again. I’m a little like someone who knows how to swim, but only out of the water. 

The labored rhythm of my respiration has a sound of its own that I’m unaware of. At times, while I’m reading, my wife says, “You’re breathing really heavily,” and then I realize that I’m making a lot of noise, breathing like a dog having a nightmare or a pig someone is trying to push along. It isn’t a smooth, even breathing that, in the hypnosis of reading, becomes a hum, but a hurried respiration that trips over itself, gets jammed, and generates a broken form of music. 

It’s the music of me being alive. 

 

 

In the northern city, that city that is too far north, I used to breathe differently, as if everything were going to reach me without my having to do anything—as if, ah, there would never be a lack of air, not even in that vacuum-packed apartment. My respiration was a well-oiled mechanism, remote, like the constellations. I used to move from place to place like a smart car. Here, by contrast, it’s as if I’m driving a lawnmower, a dirty machine with awkward blades that might cut off your arm if you’re not careful. 

My silence is a bubble in the interior of that machine (the ghost in it); a bubble that miraculously floats and endures, always in danger of being burst by the rusty metal. 

Translated by Christina MacSweeney
Planes Flying over a Monster is out now from Catapult.

 

 

Christina MacSweeney is an award-winning translator of Latin American literature. She has worked with such authors as Valeria Luiselli, Verónica Gerber Bicecci, Julián Herbert, and Jazmina Barrera.
Philip K. Zimmerman is a writer and translator from Spanish and German. His work has been presented in Literary Hub, Electric Literature, Guernica, Necessary Fiction, the Berlin International Literature Festival, and the New York International Fringe Festival.
]]>
https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2024/09/planes-flying-over-a-monster-translated-by-christina-macsweeney-philip-k-zimmerman/feed/ 0
From Ramifications by Daniel Saldaña París, translated by Christina MacSweeney https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2020/11/ramifications-daniel-saldana-paris-translated-christina-macsweeney/ https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2020/11/ramifications-daniel-saldana-paris-translated-christina-macsweeney/#respond Wed, 11 Nov 2020 19:53:47 +0000 http://latinamericanliteraturetoday.wp/2020/11/ramifications-daniel-saldana-paris-translated-christina-macsweeney/ Folding and refolding origami frogs, extracting the symmetrical veins from leaves, retreating to an imaginary world in his closet: after Teresa walked out the door one July afternoon in 1994, her son filled the void she left with a series of unusual rituals. Twenty-three years later, he lies in bed, reconstructing the events surrounding his mother’s disappearance. Did she actually join the Zapatistas in the jungles of Chiapas, as he was led to believe? He dissects his memories of that fateful summer until a startling discovery shatters his conception of his family. Daniel Saldaña París (Among Strange Victims) returns with an emotionally rich anti-coming-of-age novel that wrestles with the inherited privileges and atrocities of masculinity.

]]>
A neurotic young man, self-confined to his bed, reflects on the turning point of his childhood: his mother’s disappearance.
Folding and refolding origami frogs, extracting the symmetrical veins from leaves, retreating to an imaginary world in his closet: after Teresa walked out the door one July afternoon in 1994, her son filled the void she left with a series of unusual rituals. Twenty-three years later, he lies in bed, reconstructing the events surrounding his mother’s disappearance. Did she actually join the Zapatistas in the jungles of Chiapas, as he was led to believe? He dissects his memories of that fateful summer until a startling discovery shatters his conception of his family. Daniel Saldaña París (Among Strange Victims) returns with an emotionally rich anti-coming-of-age novel that wrestles with the inherited privileges and atrocities of masculinity.

Out now from Coffee House Press in the United States and Charco Press in the United Kingdom and Europe.


 

Teresa walked out one Tuesday around midday. I can’t remember exactly which month, but it must have been either the end of July or the beginning of August, because my sister and I were still on vacation. I always hated being left in the care of Mariana, who systematically ignored me for the whole day, barricaded in her bedroom with the music playing at a volume that even to me, a boy of ten, seemed ridiculous. So that Tuesday, I resented it when Mom got up from the table after lunch and announced she was going out. “Look after your brother, Mariana,” she said in a flat voice. That was the way she generally spoke, with hardly any intonation, like a computer giving instructions or someone on the autism spectrum. (Even now, when no one else is around, I sometimes imitate her, and it’s not beyond the bounds of possibility that writing this is, in some form, an effort to find an echo of that monotone voice in the written word.)

Teresa, my mother, kissed the crown of my head and then turned to Mariana, who received her farewell peck on the cheek without the least show of emotion or any attempt to return the gesture. “When your dad gets home, tell him there’s a letter for him on his night table,” she said from the door, in the same robotic voice. Then she left, turning the key behind her. She had no luggage besides the large tote bag my father used to make wisecracks about whenever we went somewhere together: “Just what have you got in there? It looks like you’re going camping.”

When he got back that evening, my father read the letter. Then he sat with us in the living room (my sister was watching music videos while I was trying to make an origami figure) and explained that Mom had gone away. “Camping,” I thought.

One Tuesday in July or August 1994, she—my mother, Teresa—went camping.

 

My interest in origami had begun that same summer, not long before the events just mentioned. At school, during recess, I used to perch on one of the planters and pull leaves off the shrubs. I’d fold each leaf down the middle, hoping to achieve perfect symmetry. Then I’d attempt to extract the petiole and the midrib. (I liked calling the stalk of the leaf the “petiole” and the central axis, from which the veins branch out or ramify, the “midrib”; I had just learned those terms in class and thought that using them made me sound mature and knowledgeable.) I’d remove the midrib and the petiole, put them in the pocket of my pants, and forget all about them. In the afternoon, when I was back home, I’d empty the contents of my pockets and line up the petioles and midribs on my table. Sitting before my booty, I’d take out my sheets of colored paper and my origami manual and, with a patience I no longer have, start folding. I saw my compulsion to fold the leaves of those shrubs as a form of training for origami, a ritual practice I could carry out in secret that would help enhance my manual skills.

But the truth is that I was never much good at origami. For all the effort I put into it, I made no progress at all. Teresa had given me that book with ten basic designs a few weeks before she went camping— before disappearing with her enormous tote bag that Tuesday after lunch. The book included the colored squares of paper, and among the figures it explained how to make were the iconic crane, the frog, and the balloon. In all three cases, my lack of skill was notable. I remember thinking when Teresa handed me the book, wrapped in fluorescent paper, that it was a strange time to give me a present as my birthday was months away and my mother didn’t go in for surprises. But I said nothing. I wasn’t going to complain about an unseasonable gift.

It would be unfair to lay the blame for my failure on the book: I tried using other origami manuals, and the result was just the same. Even now, twenty-three years afterward, I’m still incapable of making that stupid crane. I was never able to work out the diagrams: for me they were indecipherable riddles, with their dotted lines and curved arrows. I never learned to distinguish when they were referring to the front and when the reverse side of the sheets. Now that I’m an adult who never leaves his bed, I’m tempted to say that I still suffer from that problem and that it permeates my understanding of the world: I always confuse front and reverse. But that metaphor isn’t valid, it seems empty of meaning even though it indicates something true. In 1994, everything was charged with meaning, but my confusion of front and reverse was simply the confusion of a boy trying to make origami figures and repeatedly failing in the attempt. And neither can I say that the tenacity I exhibited in continuing to practice origami in the face of constant failure has made me adept in the exercise of patience. What is certain is that origami was a school for being alone: it taught me to spend many hours in silence.

 

That Tuesday evening, once Mariana and I were in bed, my father went to his room and spent hours talking on the phone. I know because I was awake, unsettled, trying to make sense of an environment that seemed emotionally charged, even if I couldn’t say why.

At eight the following morning I emerged from my bedroom to find the house in a state of tense calm.

The three of us—my father, Mariana, and I—had gotten by on our own before, when Teresa visited a cousin in Guadalajara, but on those occasions the transition was always smooth: my mother left us precise instructions for lunch and dinner as well as suggestions for entertainment, aware that my father was a complete waste of space when it came to even the most basic elements of our upbringing. This time, however, there was a lie involved—implying to my sister and I that she would be back soon—and, despite his attempts to disguise it, my father’s reaction had been quite violent (his tone of voice on the telephone that first night signaled critical levels of exasperation). And that’s why, when I emerged from my room the following morning, I understood that the silence I encountered was just one more of the new experiences that awaited me, changes I’d have to adapt to now that Teresa had gone camping with an enormous tote bag hanging from her shoulder.

I poured cereal into a bowl, added milk, returned to my bedroom, and closed the door. The communal spaces in the house suddenly felt cold, unfamiliar, like those of the hotel in Acapulco where we’d once stayed. With Teresa’s departure, the house in Colonia Educación became a hostile territory that my father, my sister, and I avoided at all costs, taking refuge in the sanctuaries of our respective bedrooms. It was in that solitude, littered with failed origami figures, petioles, and midribs without their ramifying veins, that I spent the first part of the morning—of the first morning of orphanhood that now, twenty-three years later, glimmers in my memory like the first morning of history, as if until that point my life had belonged in the realm of myth, and someone had, without warning, expelled me from paradise, making me fall down a rusty chute into the dirty, violent realm of history.

Through the wall separating my sister’s room from mine, I could hear the same cassette that had been playing nonstop for the last week: a mixtape that one of her best friends had made for her. All the songs sounded the same to me: frenetic guitar riffs and lyrics screamed in an English for which my classes (where we repeated ridiculously enigmatic phrases like “the cat is under the table”) left me unprepared. But that morning, the first morning of history, I understood, or thought I understood, the expressive power of those screams, those clearly furious noises in which Mariana took refuge so as not to hear the suffocating silence of the house.

 

At around two in the afternoon, my father knocked and, putting his head around my bedroom door, announced that he was going to order pizza. I begged him for a Hawaiian because I knew that, given the exceptional circumstances, he’d give way to almost any of my whims. He agreed to my request with a benevolent nod, and I was pleased, not just because Hawaiian was my favorite pizza but also because my sister hated it. My father was unaware of that; as a rule, he didn’t know much about us.

My sister protested. “Mom always orders half and half,” she complained angrily, and I thought about my frustrated attempts at origami. However hard I tried, I couldn’t manage to fold either the sheets of paper or the leaves of the shrubs exactly down the middle. The middle seemed to be a utopian concept, accessible to the understanding but not applicable to real things. I wondered if it was possible to fold a pizza down the middle, exactly down the middle, and came to the conclusion that it probably wasn’t.

I wolfed down two slices of pizza without uttering a word. My father didn’t say anything either, or my sister. I thought that the silence would continue until my mother returned, if she ever did, from her camping trip, with her giant tote bag on her shoulder, unseasonable gifts for everyone, and new origami books that would finally reveal to me the elusive secret of symmetry.

Translated by Christina MacSweeney

]]>
https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2020/11/ramifications-daniel-saldana-paris-translated-christina-macsweeney/feed/ 0
“Taming the Divine Form” by Daniel Saldaña París https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2018/01/taming-divine-form-daniel-saldana-paris/ https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2018/01/taming-divine-form-daniel-saldana-paris/#respond Fri, 26 Jan 2018 08:08:23 +0000 http://latinamericanliteraturetoday.wp/2018/01/taming-divine-form-daniel-saldana-paris/ I’ve been an avid and loyal reader of Sergio Pitol since I was a teenager. I also owe him much of my readerly education: Pitol led me to many other authors who shaped my tastes and my vocation from an early age. Of his vast and multifaceted oeuvre, I think the first book I read—and the one I’ve re-read most thoroughly—was Taming the Divine Heron. This novel became one of my personal fetish-books, the kind that accompanies a reader, sometimes surreptitiously, for years.

]]>

 

1.

Soy un ávido y leal lector de Sergio Pitol desde que era un adolescente. A él también le debo gran parte de mi formación lectora: Pitol me llevó a muchos otros autores que moldearon mis gustos y mi vocación desde muy temprana edad. De su obra vasta y multifacética, creo que el primer libro que leí, y el que he releído más a fondo, fue Taming the Divine Heron . Esta novela se convirtió en uno de mis libros fetiche personales, de esos que acompañan al lector, a veces de forma subrepticia, durante años.

Dicho esto, mis múltiples relecturas no me han convertido en el propietario de un volumen muy subrayado y abundantemente anotado. Resulta que siempre termino perdiendo este libro de Pitol (durante una mudanza turbulenta de un departamento a otro, o cuando un préstamo se convierte en un robo). Como salgo a comprar otro ejemplar cada vez que lo pierdo, ahora lo he leído en varias ediciones a lo largo de los años: primero, la publicada por Ediciones Era, considerada la versión clásica; luego, cuando vivía en Madrid, en la edición del Tríptico de Carnaval que edita Anagrama; y luego en un volumen de las obras completas de Pitol, publicado en México por el Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE).

Hace unas semanas, vagando por las calles de La Habana, donde me habían invitado a asistir a un encuentro de escritores mexicanos, me detuve frente al escaparate polvoriento de una librería. No se puede negar: las librerías cubanas son menos atractivas que en Buenos Aires o Ciudad de México, al menos en términos convencionales. Solo exhiben ediciones nacionales, con diseños francamente feos e impresos en papel ordinario. Pero los libros son ciertamente baratos. Y así entré a esa librería, en una de las calles más transitadas de La Habana Vieja, y allí encontré una edición cubana de Domar a la Divina Garza . (“Uno más para mi colección perdida”, pensé.) Compré el libro a un precio irrisorio, recordando que Pitol tenía una estrecha relación con La Habana (según supe durante mi estancia por el poeta Antón Arrufat, quien lo conoció allí) , y también recordando (la memoria es una cosa voluble) que en El libro uruguayo de los muertos , de Mario Bellatin, Pitol y Bellatin viajaron a Cuba juntos con una maleta llena de toallas.

No podría haber sabido que leer una novela en su edición cubana determinaría oblicuamente mi interpretación. Quizás porque Habana estaba (y aún está) en mi mente, o quizás porque el objeto mismo (el libro) insinuaba esta relación oculta. En todo caso, durante mi más reciente lectura del libro, no pude quitarme la impresión de que Domar a la divina garza es una de las novelas más cubanas de la literatura mexicana, si tal afirmación tiene algún sentido.

En retrospectiva, me pregunto si me habrá pasado algo similar con todas las lecturas anteriores: quizás, cuando la leí en Madrid, me pareció la más española de todas las novelas mexicanas, y quizás la edición de FCE me hizo verla como la la más oficial , con su tapa dura encuadernada en solemne tela roja. Cómo desearía haber escrito un ensayo diferente sobre esta misma novela cada vez, centrándome en los pequeños signos plantados —por el contexto, por la materialidad del libro, por mi propia vida— como pistas entre las palabras.

 

2.

El primer capítulo de Domar a la garza divina se olvida o se pasa por alto con frecuencia. La primera vez que lo leí, lo descarté descuidadamente como una especie de prólogo, y solo más tarde comprendí su importancia para la arquitectura barroca de Pitol.

Este capítulo, escrito en tercera persona, se titula “Donde un novelista envejecido que, muy atribulado por la vida, nos muestra su laboratorio y reflexiona sobre los materiales con los que se propone construir una nueva novela”. Aquí, un escritor de 64 años (Pitol escribió el libro a los 54, así que sabemos que estamos en territorio ficticio) se prepara para escribir una nueva novela. Y así tenemos dos narradores desde el principio: el que nos cuenta la historia del “novelista envejecido” y el propio novelista envejecido, que comenzará a contar otra historia en el capítulo dos. Antes de hacerlo, el viejo escritor reflexiona sobre las críticas de un amigo cercano a su trabajo. Angustiado, quiere escribir algo nuevo, cambiar de registro, habitar otro ámbito narrativo. Con este deseo en mente, toma algunas notas que lo ayudarán a comenzar a escribir su nueva novela.

En primer lugar, le gustaría abordar temas que aparecen en el libro de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre la cultura popular del Renacimiento temprano. También quiere crear un personaje con ciertas características de Chichikov, el protagonista de Dead Souls de Nikolai Gogol (un personaje, escribe, cuya “sordidez podría servir, no muy diferente de las virtudes inexistentes de Chichikov, para iluminar el comportamiento de otros personajes y, al mismo tiempo, enriquecerse con su reflejo”). Finalmente, el escritor sesentón recuerda a un antipático excompañero de colegio que servirá de modelo al protagonista de su propia novela, al que bautizará como Dante Ciriaco de la Estrella.

El segundo capítulo de Domar a la Divina Garzaes en realidad el primero de la novela que el escritor sesentón ha esbozado en el capítulo uno. El abogado Dante de la Estrella, un tipo pedante y desagradable, llega sin previo aviso a la casa de la familia Millares, en Tepotzlán, donde es interceptado por una tormenta tropical que le impedirá salir. Atrapado en el interior con un grupo de personas que no le agradan y que también le desagradan, a Dante no se le ocurre nada mejor que hacer que contarles sobre la vez que viajó a Estambul y conoció a una escritora llamada Marietta Karapetiz, la viuda de un famoso antropólogo. Su encuentro en Turquía con Karapetiz (la “garza divina” del título) marcará de forma indeleble la vida de Dante, impulsándolo a un estudio meticuloso de la obra de Gogol, pero también a una dolencia neurótica asociada con la incontinencia, tanto verbal como excrementicia.

El argumento de Domar a la divina garza consiste, casi en su totalidad, en la historia que cuenta Dante de la Estrella (a través de digresiones e hipérboles) en el salón de los Millares, historia que transcurre a lo largo de dos o tres días en Estambul. De vez en cuando, la voz del narrador (es decir, el novelista envejecido del primer capítulo) interrumpe el ditirambo de De la Estrella con comentarios cáusticos sobre él y sus involuntarios anfitriones, los Millares.

Dicho todo esto, el juego de muñecas rusas que anidan aquí escenificado no se limita a la relación entre los tres narradores (el narrador omnisciente del capítulo uno, el “viejo escritor” y Dante de la Estrella); va más allá de eso. El monólogo de Dante involucra a otros dos personajes que toman la palabra a través de citas, especialmente Marietta Karapetiz. Esta anciana intelectual, establecida en Turquía, habla dentro de la historia con una voz muy parecida a la de De la Estrella, y resulta ser casi tan desagradable como él. Cuando Karapetiz toma las riendas de la historia, el circunloquio y la exageración también se imponen, al igual que las incesantes referencias a Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol.

Si bien la voz de Dante se distingue claramente de la de los demás personajes de Taming the Divine Heron , su parecido con la voz de Karapetiz (a quien él mismo describe como su némesis) llama la atención a nuestros ojos y oídos. Se establece una dinámica de simulación y antagonismo entre estos dos personajes, una dinámica que es, en mi lectura, el corazón misterioso de toda la novela.

 

3.

A lo largo de los años, el consenso predominante ha afirmado más o menos que la obra autobiográfica de Pitol constituye la cumbre innegable de su carrera, mientras que las novelas agrupadas como El Tríptico del Carnaval ( Love’s Parade , Doma de la garza divina , Vida conyugal ) son consideradas “menores”. obras, fatalmente cargadas de un aire cómico. O, mejor dicho, una paródica.

Mi intención no es simplemente refutar esta evaluación; lo que quiero, más bien, es reflexionar sobre lo que significa. Al hacerlo, recurriré al ensayo clásico del escritor cubano Severo Sarduy, “Barroco y Neobarroco” (1972), que puede funcionar casi como una guía de lectura para Domar a la Divina Garza . Sarduy, quien vivió en Francia de 1960 a 1993, dedicó muchos ensayos a examinar la literatura latinoamericana a través del lente de un “retorno al barroco”, influenciado por el círculo intelectual de la revista Tel Quel .

Debo comenzar mencionando que Sarduy no se adhiere a la corriente crítica de tachar de “menores” las obras derivadas o paródicas. En efecto, afirma que “sólo en la medida en que una obra del barroco latinoamericano es la desfiguración de una obra anterior que debe ser leída en filigrana para disfrutarla por completo, pertenece a un género mayor”.

Desde el primer capítulo en adelante, Domar a la divina garza se propone dialogar “en filigrana” con obras anteriores, así como parodiarlas. Al estudiar esta dimensión derivada o secundaria de la novela, también debemos agregar que contiene un elemento escatológico, esencial para la trama. Este detalle nos ayuda a comprender por qué el libro ha sido relegado a un segundo plano por la mayoría de los críticos latinoamericanos (tan aficionados a lo sublime, tan hostiles a la inmundicia).

Este repudio a la basura y los excrementos, esta preferencia por lo “europeo” y lo “sofisticado”, está entre los elementos de la “alta cultura” latinoamericana que fue duramente criticada por el novelista polaco Witold Gombrowicz durante su largo exilio en Argentina. Para Gombrowicz, las literaturas “periféricas” (se refiere a Argentina y Polonia, pero me tomo la libertad de incluir también a México) deben abandonar los modelos europeizantes y abrazar la inmadurez, la inmundicia, la bajeza de sus propias tierras. Solo al hacer este cambio lograrían su propia forma de expresión y contribuirían con algo verdaderamente valioso a los anales de la literatura mundial.   

Pitol no solo mantuvo correspondencia con Gombrowicz; también tradujo la última novela del escritor polaco, Cosmos (1965). No es escandaloso pensar que algunas de las ideas de Gombrowicz pueden haberse filtrado en el trabajo de Pitol, particularmente en Domar a la divina garza , donde la yuxtaposición de lo noble y lo abyecto, abordada a través de la parodia, es un tema central.

 

4.

Severo Sarduy utiliza el término “neobarroco latinoamericano” para la convergencia de la parodia, la intertextualidad, la metaficción y el carnaval, y dedica su célebre artículo a rastrear tanto las estrategias discursivas como los objetivos filosóficos de esta corriente. El escritor cubano destaca la capacidad del Neobarroco para absorber otras literaturas y dialogar con ellas a través de la ficción.

En el primer capítulo de su novela, Pitol hace referencia expresa a algunas de las obras que incorpora el libro y que deben ser leídas en filigrana dentro del discurso hiperbólico de Dante de la Estrella (Rabelais, Quevedo, Cervantes y Musil, entre otros). Pero también añade una vuelta de tuerca más al incluir a Bajtín: a juicio de Sarduy, el teórico que mejor define y sustenta las características de la parodia literaria. Sarduy escribe:

Según [Bakhtin], la parodia deriva del antiguo género “serio-comic” relacionado con el folklore carnavalesco… El sustrato y fundamento de este género —cuyos puntos culminantes han sido el diálogo socrático y la sátira menipea— es el carnaval, un espectáculo simbólico y sincrético. en el que reina lo “anormal”, en el que se multiplican las confusiones y profanaciones, la excentricidad y la ambivalencia, y cuya acción central es una coronación paródica, es decir, una apoteosis que encubre la burla.

Casi todos los elementos que Sarduy atribuye al Neobarroco latinoamericano (artificio, proliferación, parodia, intertextualidad, erotismo) se encuentran en Domar a la divina garza —que, como hemos visto, es una narración “en capas”.

La novela contiene una artificialización promulgada a través del enmascaramiento o el envolvimiento progresivo: comenzamos leyendo la historia de un viejo escritor que enumera las herramientas que quiere usar para escribir una novela. A continuación, leemos esa novela, en la que un personaje (Dante C. De la Estrella) suena con un monólogo en primera persona ante un público reducido pero no especialmente atento. A su vez, los mecanismos de texto que operan en el contenido de este monólogo apuntan hacia un nuevo nivel de artificialidad, y hay niveles adicionales de ficción dentro del monólogo (en un momento, por ejemplo, De la Estrella narra la trama de un cuento por Gogol de principio a fin).

Para decirlo en términos de Roland Barthes, la novela de Sergio Pitol se inscribe en el giro metalingüístico por el que la literatura del siglo XX se desprende de su vocación artesanal y se transforma en un lenguaje reflexivo. En otras palabras, se trata de una obra literaria que muestra constantemente su propia opacidad, incorporando e interiorizando su conciencia de sí.

 

5.

La conclusión que se extrae aquí no es que Domar a la divina garza sea simplemente una actualización de la clasificación estética neobarroca definida por Sarduy. Al contrario: parece que Pitol, al emplear la idea de Bajtín de lo carnavalesco y lo paródico para construir la voz de Dante de la Estrella, finalmente crea un personaje que es de espíritu neobarroco y que luego, en fricción con personajes más fundamentalmente realistas (la familia Millares y la familia Vives, ambos clanes mexicanos educados y de clase media), desencadena una nueva forma de absurdo. Este choque, esta confrontación entre varios discursos , sólo es posible porque el narrador (el escritor sesenta y tantos) está un paso por detrás de ellos, en un lugar aparentemente externo .a la ficción, mientras que también está cautivo de un nivel diferente de ficción.

Los miembros de la familia Millares interrumpen muy pocas veces el relato de Dante de la Estrella, y todas sus intervenciones apuntan en la misma dirección: no soportan la manera de hablar de su invitado. Además, esta manera de hablar parece eludir una prohibición erótica : los Millares sospechan que hay una mujer detrás de todo el relato de Dante de la Estrella (un romance fallido con Karapetiz o el otro personaje femenino de la novela, Ramona Vives). Pero los Millares se equivocan: el elemento reprimido del monólogo de De la Estrella no es erótico, sino escatológico, como revela la novela al final.

Dante cuenta la historia de Domar a la divina garza no porque quiera contar algo, sino porque no quiere contarlo: la trama se desarrolla a través de los desvíos que da para no contar el asunto que nos ocupa (un asunto de mierda, como poco a poco llega a sospechar el lector), recurriendo a alusiones veladas que irritan a los Millares.

(Hay algo interesante en el papel que juega la irritación y la pedantería en la novela: los personajes, casi sin excepción, son irritantes . Además, el mismo Dante de la Estrella sufre colon irritable. Es decir, su digestión, así como su capacidad de incorporar los patrones de habla de Karapetiz y Nikolai Gogol en su monólogo, es imperfecta: la asimilación se limita a la simulación, la imitatio … Dante de la Estrella es un personaje marcado por el signo del pedante : repite cosas que suenan cultas pero no las tiene. t digerido correctamente La palabra pedante —para la que podríamos inventar una etimología ad hoc asociada conpedo , que significa pedo en español—, en realidad deriva (según el diccionario etimológico en español Corominas) de peatón [peatón], al igual que imitador [imitador].

Cuando finalmente se enfrenta al tema que su relato ha reprimido (objeto de su prohibición escatológica: lo abyecto), Dante Ciriaco de la Estrella neurotiza esta transgresión y debe ser escoltado fuera de la casa de los Millares, hediondo a excremento.

Aquí, el texto de Sarduy es relevante una vez más, comprometiéndose intensamente con Kristeva, Lacan y el postestructuralismo francés:

El “objeto” del Barroco puede precisarse: es lo que Freud, pero sobre todo Abraham, llamó el objeto parcial : seno materno, excremento, y su equivalente metafórico: el oro , materia constitutiva y símbolo de todo Barroco —mirada, voz— una cosa eternamente ajena a todo lo que el hombre puede comprender…

Como mencioné anteriormente, las prácticas intertextuales a menudo se caracterizan por metáforas digestivas. Podríamos decir que Pitol digiere una tradición, en el sentido de que la absorbe en las entrañas de su texto. El resultado de este proceso alquímico/digestivo es la mierda/oro como se menciona en la novela de Marietta Karapetiz, citando a Constantine Porphyrogenitus: “Solo cuando la mierda, que al fin y al cabo es fuego, rompe su pacto con el diablo, se vuelve nutritivo, un soplo fertilizador.”

Me doy cuenta de que esta lectura de La doma de la divina garza , impregnada de sarduyismo y espíritu carnavalesco, corre el riesgo de descarrilar en la ilegibilidad, por lo que me detendré aquí.

Una puesta en abismo de ecos picarescos, una parodia exigente y mordaz de la clase media intelectual mexicana, un exceso verbal que desgarra —irrita— los manuales del buen “estilo” literario, Domar a la Divina Garza es una obra maestra porque permite una abanico de interpretaciones que tiende al infinito. Escondido en su humo y espejos, sus referencias intertextuales y sus entrañas oscuras y fétidas, se encuentra uno de los grandes momentos de la ficción mexicana del siglo XX. Leída en conexión con las coordenadas filosóficas del Neobarroco latinoamericano (término que engloba tanto a Lezama Lima como a García Márquez), esta novela se despliega como un auténtico tour de force de erudición, humor y metaliteratura.

Traducido por Robin Myers

Sergio Pitol con el rey Juan Carlos I y la reina Sofía de España, el presidente José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero de España, el primo Luis Demeneghi y las sobrinas María y Laura Demeneghi tras recibir el Premio Cervantes en 2005.
]]>
https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2018/01/taming-divine-form-daniel-saldana-paris/feed/ 0