Daniel Saldaña París – LALT https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/es/ Latin American Literature Today Thu, 26 Sep 2024 04:32:11 +0000 es-ES hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.7 Planes Flying over a Monster, translated by Christina MacSweeney & Philip K. Zimmerman https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/es/2024/09/planes-flying-over-a-monster-translated-by-christina-macsweeney-philip-k-zimmerman/ https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/es/2024/09/planes-flying-over-a-monster-translated-by-christina-macsweeney-philip-k-zimmerman/#respond Mon, 23 Sep 2024 17:21:54 +0000 https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2024/09/planes-flying-over-a-monster-translated-by-christina-macsweeney-philip-k-zimmerman/ From one of Mexico’s most exciting young writers, a cosmopolitan and candid essay collection exploring life in cities across the world and reflecting on the transformative importance of literature in understanding ourselves

In ten intimate essays, Daniel Saldaña París explores the cities he has lived in, each one home to a new iteration of himself. In Mexico City, he’s a young poet eager to prove himself. In Montreal, an opioid addict desperate for relief. In Madrid, a lonely student seeking pleasure in grotesque extremes. These now diverging, now coalescing selves raise questions: Where can we find authenticity? How do we construct the stories that define us? What if our formative memories are closer to fiction than truth? 

Saldaña París turns to literature and film, poetry and philosophy for answers. The result is a hybrid of memoir and criticism, “a sensory work, full of soundscapes, filth, planes, closed spaces, open vastness” (El País).

 

Notes on the Fetishization of Silence 

Until just lately, I was living in another city—to the north, far north, too far north. For half the year, the windows of my apartment remained closed twenty-four seven: it was an old building and the ice used to jam the mechanism for opening them. The subzero temperatures, the hail and snow from November to April—sometimes even May—made any form of spatial communion impossible: outside, the frozen waste; inside, the refuge. The frontier between them was doing its level best to be impassable: steamed up or frosted double-glazing. It was, then, a muffled home with wooden flooring. 

For six months, without interruption, the only sounds were the creaking of the floorboards, the scuttling of the mice inside the walls, water filling the central heating radiators—ancient, painted metal monstrosities standing by the walls. Sound was something that happened indoors. Like when you submerge your head in a bathtub and hear only your own movements, the flow of blood, the dark viscera pulsing in their slow but steady jog toward the tomb. 

In such conditions, house and body perform a species of mirrored dance. The rumbling of the pipes stretching as they woke would make me focus my hearing on my digestive system—slow as a lazy mule, made sluggish by the quietness of everything. The rat-a-tat of the frozen rain—neither hail nor snow: a midpoint between the two—would set my nerves on edge: sharp, pointy nerves like the icicles on the church across the street. The scratching of the rodents’ feet sounded like something murky living inside me and trying to find a way out. And so it was with everything. You might say that an unsettling harmony reigned there. 

Once a day, I’d force myself to leave the house to walk for a while. The sidewalks, bordered by snow on either side, became rough country lanes. The gaunt faces of pedestrians, swathed to the eyeballs in winter clothing, passed like ghosts: the footsteps of others made no noise; only my own, crunch-crunching the ice, forming cold footprints that a flurry of snow would soon blur. And the bequilted children pulled on sledges along those wintery paths like miniature despots of a very civil tundra—timid Mongols whispering orders to their horses, courteous Huns on snow-white roads—rarely cried. 

So, every afternoon I’d walk to my regular haunt, a café archetypically called Club Social, where my hearing would be quickly restored by the Romance hubbub of the Italians, a dearly longed-for sound, vaguely familiar but also strange: words deformed by centuries and migrations; Latin cackles allied to Anglo howls; orders for cappuccinos yelled in macaronic French, with vowels tripping over themselves—vowels muffled by the leaden weight of the damned snow. There in the Club Social on Rue Saint-Viateur, I’d sit for a while to warm up, surrounded by a very particular, even slightly predictable buzz—but at least a noise—that to some extent replaced the non-existent late December sun. 

 

 

Later, on my way back home—that incredible, almost soundproof shell—I’d stop in at the bakery frequented by the Hasidic Jews, who would continue grumbling in Yiddish on their cell phones while ordering a dozen rugelach from the Chinese assistant behind the counter. 

At night, the sound of the gigantic snowplows would sometimes interrupt my sleep, passing through the double glazing like a dim but still recognizable memory: whistles, motors, crash crash, metal shovels hitting the cold asphalt. 

Spring wasn’t the rush of joy you see in cartoons, but a constant flow of liquids, a slow drip-dripping: life connected to the saline pack of the thaw. On the roof, walled-in rivers reemerged, drains that suddenly sprang to life and channeled the water from the highest tiles to the barren earth. The icicles hanging from the church, ping ping, gradually losing their shape to become dirty puddles from which drank the first squirrels to appear on the sidewalks. 

In some sense, conversation also unfroze; in the street, polyglot profanities could be heard, and the splashing of car tires through the blackish, watery mud that goes by the onomatopoeic name of slush. 

 

 

Returning to live in Mexico City has involved, above all else, returning to a noise that, however familiar, still jars. The transition hasn’t been simple. On the first nights, I woke every half hour, startled by the howling of the neighbor’s dog, a helicopter passing overhead, two people chatting by the elevator of my building. Punctually, at 3 a.m., a series of descending planes would rouse me. At times, resigned to the interruption of my dreams, I’d go to my seventh-floor balcony and listen to the distant motors of the trucks on the Eje, the sirens, a party refusing to die down two floors below. The constant din, impossible to shut out, was driving me crazy. 

After a few days, I bought a packet of earplugs that at least allowed me to sleep more deeply. In the metrobus, I got into the habit of wearing headphones at all times—even if nothing was coming through them—to partially drown out the din of the city, which attained seriously harmful levels of sonic interference. In the café where I used to sit and work, I took to listening to white noise via an app I downloaded on my phone to block out the bachata music coming from the speakers and the conversation of other customers. 

Those early days after landing in Mexico City were followed by others, when I experimented with a wide variety of possibilities. I began to follow a podcast about urban sonic environments that had an episode dedicated to different cities, so that one day I found myself crossing Parque Hundido while listening to the street cries of New Delhi. The fissure that opened between the sound of one city and the vision of another later allowed me to recover a certain form of surprise at the music of the Mexican capital. 

“Last night, the big gray cat of my childhood came to me. I told him that noise stalks and harries me,” writes Antonio di Benedetto in The Silentiary. After an hour spent listening to a program on the sonic landscape of Copenhagen, the distant whistle of the camotero with his cartload of sweet potatoes seemed to me—how can I put it?—exotic, and only through that exoticization was I able to bear the harassment that Di Benedetto refers to. 

Maybe there’s nothing for it but to accept the noise, welcome it, resign yourself to it, or seek out its unsuspected characteristics, like when you learn to stroke an animal on the part of its flank that it likes best. 

 

 

I can’t say that the reconciliation has been complete, but there is a tacit recognition that living cities speak, they howl, they shatter the whole night in a crashing of glass. We, their inhabitants, can shudder with impotent rage, buy ever more sophisticated earplugs, or create a level of silence in our beds by putting a pillow over our heads, or closing our eyes in the shower, or in the darkness of a room, or standing at a window only to discover that others are looking at us from identical windows across the street. 

In The Soundscape, the book that coined that term “sonic environment,” Murray Schafer speaks of the need to view silence positively: “If we have a hope of improving the acoustic design of the world, it will be realizable only after the recovery of silence as a positive state in our lives. Still the noise in the mind: that is the first task—then everything else will follow in time.” 

The Norwegian explorer Erling Kagge (the first human to reach the South Pole, the North Pole, and the summit of Everest, and whom I met one afternoon in the clammy heat of the airport in Medellín), in Silence: In the Age of Noise, describes an experiment carried out in the universities of Harvard and Virginia: a group of people were offered the choice of sitting silently in an empty room with no distractions or receiving painful electric shocks. Almost half the participants chose the electric shock over passing a short while in silence. 

I wonder if I’d have formed part of that masochistic group who chose the electric shock or been one of the silent meditators. A few months ago, during the long northern winter, I would, without a moment’s hesitation, have plumped for the silence. Nowadays, I’m not so certain. 

 

 

All meditation techniques speak of the importance of breathing in the attempt to “still the noise in the mind.” The problem is that one breathes differently in different places. I was born in this noisy city and didn’t immediately learn to breathe well. They put me in an incubator, and after a few hours of observation, the doctors decided I’d be able to learn on my own and sent me home. But I didn’t learn. At school, I used to forget to breathe correctly. Asthma sent me to another, warmer city at a lower altitude and, in those days—and perhaps still—less noisy. In each of the cities I’ve inhabited—whether the bustle of Madrid or the silence of the northern city mentioned earlier—I’ve had to learn anew how to breathe. But in Mexico City I’m constantly learning. I retain air for a whole minute and then exhale in puffs, I take three or four large gulps and then pause, unconsciously holding my breath again. I’m a little like someone who knows how to swim, but only out of the water. 

The labored rhythm of my respiration has a sound of its own that I’m unaware of. At times, while I’m reading, my wife says, “You’re breathing really heavily,” and then I realize that I’m making a lot of noise, breathing like a dog having a nightmare or a pig someone is trying to push along. It isn’t a smooth, even breathing that, in the hypnosis of reading, becomes a hum, but a hurried respiration that trips over itself, gets jammed, and generates a broken form of music. 

It’s the music of me being alive. 

 

 

In the northern city, that city that is too far north, I used to breathe differently, as if everything were going to reach me without my having to do anything—as if, ah, there would never be a lack of air, not even in that vacuum-packed apartment. My respiration was a well-oiled mechanism, remote, like the constellations. I used to move from place to place like a smart car. Here, by contrast, it’s as if I’m driving a lawnmower, a dirty machine with awkward blades that might cut off your arm if you’re not careful. 

My silence is a bubble in the interior of that machine (the ghost in it); a bubble that miraculously floats and endures, always in danger of being burst by the rusty metal. 

Translated by Christina MacSweeney
Planes Flying over a Monster is out now from Catapult.

 

 

Christina MacSweeney is an award-winning translator of Latin American literature. She has worked with such authors as Valeria Luiselli, Verónica Gerber Bicecci, Julián Herbert, and Jazmina Barrera.
Philip K. Zimmerman is a writer and translator from Spanish and German. His work has been presented in Literary Hub, Electric Literature, Guernica, Necessary Fiction, the Berlin International Literature Festival, and the New York International Fringe Festival.
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From Ramifications by Daniel Saldaña París, translated by Christina MacSweeney https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/es/2020/11/from-ramifications-by-daniel-saldana-paris-translated-by-christina-macsweeney/ https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/es/2020/11/from-ramifications-by-daniel-saldana-paris-translated-by-christina-macsweeney/#respond Thu, 19 Nov 2020 06:33:57 +0000 https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/2022/05/from-ramifications-by-daniel-saldana-paris-translated-by-christina-macsweeney/ Folding and refolding origami frogs, extracting the symmetrical veins from leaves, retreating to an imaginary world in his closet: after Teresa walked out the door one July afternoon in 1994, her son filled the void she left with a series of unusual rituals. Twenty-three years later, he lies in bed, reconstructing the events surrounding his mother’s disappearance. Did she actually join the Zapatistas in the jungles of Chiapas, as he was led to believe? He dissects his memories of that fateful summer until a startling discovery shatters his conception of his family. Daniel Saldaña París (Among Strange Victims) returns with an emotionally rich anti-coming-of-age novel that wrestles with the inherited privileges and atrocities of masculinity.

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A neurotic young man, self-confined to his bed, reflects on the turning point of his childhood: his mother’s disappearance.
Folding and refolding origami frogs, extracting the symmetrical veins from leaves, retreating to an imaginary world in his closet: after Teresa walked out the door one July afternoon in 1994, her son filled the void she left with a series of unusual rituals. Twenty-three years later, he lies in bed, reconstructing the events surrounding his mother’s disappearance. Did she actually join the Zapatistas in the jungles of Chiapas, as he was led to believe? He dissects his memories of that fateful summer until a startling discovery shatters his conception of his family. Daniel Saldaña París (Among Strange Victims) returns with an emotionally rich anti-coming-of-age novel that wrestles with the inherited privileges and atrocities of masculinity.

Out now from Coffee House Press in the United States and Charco Press in the United Kingdom and Europe.


 

Teresa walked out one Tuesday around midday. I can’t remember exactly which month, but it must have been either the end of July or the beginning of August, because my sister and I were still on vacation. I always hated being left in the care of Mariana, who systematically ignored me for the whole day, barricaded in her bedroom with the music playing at a volume that even to me, a boy of ten, seemed ridiculous. So that Tuesday, I resented it when Mom got up from the table after lunch and announced she was going out. “Look after your brother, Mariana,” she said in a flat voice. That was the way she generally spoke, with hardly any intonation, like a computer giving instructions or someone on the autism spectrum. (Even now, when no one else is around, I sometimes imitate her, and it’s not beyond the bounds of possibility that writing this is, in some form, an effort to find an echo of that monotone voice in the written word.)

Teresa, my mother, kissed the crown of my head and then turned to Mariana, who received her farewell peck on the cheek without the least show of emotion or any attempt to return the gesture. “When your dad gets home, tell him there’s a letter for him on his night table,” she said from the door, in the same robotic voice. Then she left, turning the key behind her. She had no luggage besides the large tote bag my father used to make wisecracks about whenever we went somewhere together: “Just what have you got in there? It looks like you’re going camping.”

When he got back that evening, my father read the letter. Then he sat with us in the living room (my sister was watching music videos while I was trying to make an origami figure) and explained that Mom had gone away. “Camping,” I thought.

One Tuesday in July or August 1994, she—my mother, Teresa—went camping.

 

My interest in origami had begun that same summer, not long before the events just mentioned. At school, during recess, I used to perch on one of the planters and pull leaves off the shrubs. I’d fold each leaf down the middle, hoping to achieve perfect symmetry. Then I’d attempt to extract the petiole and the midrib. (I liked calling the stalk of the leaf the “petiole” and the central axis, from which the veins branch out or ramify, the “midrib”; I had just learned those terms in class and thought that using them made me sound mature and knowledgeable.) I’d remove the midrib and the petiole, put them in the pocket of my pants, and forget all about them. In the afternoon, when I was back home, I’d empty the contents of my pockets and line up the petioles and midribs on my table. Sitting before my booty, I’d take out my sheets of colored paper and my origami manual and, with a patience I no longer have, start folding. I saw my compulsion to fold the leaves of those shrubs as a form of training for origami, a ritual practice I could carry out in secret that would help enhance my manual skills.

But the truth is that I was never much good at origami. For all the effort I put into it, I made no progress at all. Teresa had given me that book with ten basic designs a few weeks before she went camping— before disappearing with her enormous tote bag that Tuesday after lunch. The book included the colored squares of paper, and among the figures it explained how to make were the iconic crane, the frog, and the balloon. In all three cases, my lack of skill was notable. I remember thinking when Teresa handed me the book, wrapped in fluorescent paper, that it was a strange time to give me a present as my birthday was months away and my mother didn’t go in for surprises. But I said nothing. I wasn’t going to complain about an unseasonable gift.

It would be unfair to lay the blame for my failure on the book: I tried using other origami manuals, and the result was just the same. Even now, twenty-three years afterward, I’m still incapable of making that stupid crane. I was never able to work out the diagrams: for me they were indecipherable riddles, with their dotted lines and curved arrows. I never learned to distinguish when they were referring to the front and when the reverse side of the sheets. Now that I’m an adult who never leaves his bed, I’m tempted to say that I still suffer from that problem and that it permeates my understanding of the world: I always confuse front and reverse. But that metaphor isn’t valid, it seems empty of meaning even though it indicates something true. In 1994, everything was charged with meaning, but my confusion of front and reverse was simply the confusion of a boy trying to make origami figures and repeatedly failing in the attempt. And neither can I say that the tenacity I exhibited in continuing to practice origami in the face of constant failure has made me adept in the exercise of patience. What is certain is that origami was a school for being alone: it taught me to spend many hours in silence.

 

That Tuesday evening, once Mariana and I were in bed, my father went to his room and spent hours talking on the phone. I know because I was awake, unsettled, trying to make sense of an environment that seemed emotionally charged, even if I couldn’t say why.

At eight the following morning I emerged from my bedroom to find the house in a state of tense calm.

The three of us—my father, Mariana, and I—had gotten by on our own before, when Teresa visited a cousin in Guadalajara, but on those occasions the transition was always smooth: my mother left us precise instructions for lunch and dinner as well as suggestions for entertainment, aware that my father was a complete waste of space when it came to even the most basic elements of our upbringing. This time, however, there was a lie involved—implying to my sister and I that she would be back soon—and, despite his attempts to disguise it, my father’s reaction had been quite violent (his tone of voice on the telephone that first night signaled critical levels of exasperation). And that’s why, when I emerged from my room the following morning, I understood that the silence I encountered was just one more of the new experiences that awaited me, changes I’d have to adapt to now that Teresa had gone camping with an enormous tote bag hanging from her shoulder.

I poured cereal into a bowl, added milk, returned to my bedroom, and closed the door. The communal spaces in the house suddenly felt cold, unfamiliar, like those of the hotel in Acapulco where we’d once stayed. With Teresa’s departure, the house in Colonia Educación became a hostile territory that my father, my sister, and I avoided at all costs, taking refuge in the sanctuaries of our respective bedrooms. It was in that solitude, littered with failed origami figures, petioles, and midribs without their ramifying veins, that I spent the first part of the morning—of the first morning of orphanhood that now, twenty-three years later, glimmers in my memory like the first morning of history, as if until that point my life had belonged in the realm of myth, and someone had, without warning, expelled me from paradise, making me fall down a rusty chute into the dirty, violent realm of history.

Through the wall separating my sister’s room from mine, I could hear the same cassette that had been playing nonstop for the last week: a mixtape that one of her best friends had made for her. All the songs sounded the same to me: frenetic guitar riffs and lyrics screamed in an English for which my classes (where we repeated ridiculously enigmatic phrases like “the cat is under the table”) left me unprepared. But that morning, the first morning of history, I understood, or thought I understood, the expressive power of those screams, those clearly furious noises in which Mariana took refuge so as not to hear the suffocating silence of the house.

 

At around two in the afternoon, my father knocked and, putting his head around my bedroom door, announced that he was going to order pizza. I begged him for a Hawaiian because I knew that, given the exceptional circumstances, he’d give way to almost any of my whims. He agreed to my request with a benevolent nod, and I was pleased, not just because Hawaiian was my favorite pizza but also because my sister hated it. My father was unaware of that; as a rule, he didn’t know much about us.

My sister protested. “Mom always orders half and half,” she complained angrily, and I thought about my frustrated attempts at origami. However hard I tried, I couldn’t manage to fold either the sheets of paper or the leaves of the shrubs exactly down the middle. The middle seemed to be a utopian concept, accessible to the understanding but not applicable to real things. I wondered if it was possible to fold a pizza down the middle, exactly down the middle, and came to the conclusion that it probably wasn’t.

I wolfed down two slices of pizza without uttering a word. My father didn’t say anything either, or my sister. I thought that the silence would continue until my mother returned, if she ever did, from her camping trip, with her giant tote bag on her shoulder, unseasonable gifts for everyone, and new origami books that would finally reveal to me the elusive secret of symmetry.

Translated by Christina MacSweeney

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“Domar a la divina forma” de Daniel Saldaña París https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/es/2018/01/taming-divine-form-daniel-saldana-paris/ https://latinamericanliteraturetoday.org/es/2018/01/taming-divine-form-daniel-saldana-paris/#respond Fri, 26 Jan 2018 14:08:23 +0000 http://latinamericanliteraturetoday.wp/2018/01/taming-divine-form-daniel-saldana-paris/ Me considero un lector fiel y entusiasta de la obra de Sergio Pitol desde mi adolescencia. Le debo, además, una parte importante de mi formación lectora, pues fue gracias a Pitol que llegué a muchos otros de los autores que marcaron tempranamente mi gusto y vocación. De entre su vasta y polifacética obra, creo recordar que el primer libro que leí —y que es el que más a fondo he releído— es Domar a la divina garza. Esta novela se convirtió para mí en uno de esos libros-fetiche que acompañan a un lector durante años, a veces de manera subrepticia.

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1.

Me considero un lector fiel y entusiasta de la obra de Sergio Pitol desde mi adolescencia. Le debo, además, una parte importante de mi formación lectora, pues fue gracias a Pitol que llegué a muchos otros de los autores que marcaron tempranamente mi gusto y vocación. De entre su vasta y polifacética obra, creo recordar que el primer libro que leí —y que es el que más a fondo he releído— es Domar a la divina garza . Esta novela se convirtió para mí en uno de esos libros-fetiche que acompañan a un lector durante años, a veces de manera subrepticia.

Por desgracia, mis varias lecturas del libro no se han convertido en un tomo subrayado y con abundantes notas al margen. Ha querido la mala suerte que ese libro de Pitol lo pierda siempre (en mudanzas accidentaladas o merced a un préstamo que se torna en robo). Puesto que cada vez que lo pierdo vuelvo a comprarlo, lo he leído ya en varias ediciones a lo largo de los años: primero en la de Ediciones Era, que es la clásica; luego —mientras vivía en Madrid— en la edición del Tríptico del Carnaval publicado por Anagrama, y ​​luego en uno de los volúmenes de las Obras Reunidas de Pitol que publicó en México el Fondo de Cultura Económica.

Hace unas semanas paseaba por las calles de La Habana, adonde me invitaron como parte de un encuentro de escritores mexicanos en aquella ciudad, y me detuve frente al empolvado escaparate de una librería. Las librerías cubanas son, hay que decirlo, menos atractivas que las de Buenos Aires o la Ciudad de México, al menos convencionalmente hablando. No se exhiben ahí más que ediciones nacionales, de diseño más bien feo y papel ordinario. Pero los libros, eso sí, son muy baratos. Entré pues a aquella librería, en una de las calles más transitadas de La Habana Vieja, y encontré ahí una edición cubana de Domar a la divina garza (“una más para mi colección extraviada”, pensé).Me compré el libro por un precio ridículo, recordando que Pitol tuvo una relación estrecha con La Habana (como me contó en aquellos días el poeta Antón Arrufat, quien lo conoció ahí) y recordando también (la memoria es caprichosa) que, en El libro uruguayo de los muertos , de Mario Bellatin, Pitol y Bellatin viajando juntos a Cuba con una maleta llena de toallas.

No hubiera podido anticipar que leer una novela en su edición cubana iba a determinar oblicuamente mi interpretación. Quizás porque La Habana siguió —y sigue— en mi cabeza, o quizás porque el mismo objeto —el libro— sugirió esa relación oculta, pero lo cierto es que en mi lectura más reciente no pude sacudirme la impresión de que Domar a la divina garza se trata de una de las novelas mas cubanas de la literatura mexicana, si tal sostenido tiene algun sentido.

En retrospectiva, me pregunto si no me habrá pasado algo similar con cada una de mis lecturas de ese libro: quizás cuando lo leí en Madrid me pareció la más española de las novelas mexicanas, y quizás la edición del FCE me hizo considerarla la más oficial de ellas, con sus tapas duras forradas en solemne tela roja. ¡Cómo me gustaría haber escrito un ensayo distinto sobre esa misma novela cada vez, poniendo atención a los guiños que el contexto, la materialidad del libro y mi propia biografía sembraban como pistas entre las palabras!

 

2.

El primer capítulo de Domar a la divina garza es, con frecuencia, olvidado o pasado por alto. En mi primera lectura de la novela lo descarté sin miramientos como una especie de prólogo, y sólo más tarde entendí la importancia que juega dentro de la arquitectura barroca que Pitol erige.

Ese capítulo está en tercera persona y lleva por título “Donde un viejo novelista, a quien la edad perturba seriamente, muestra su laboratorio y reflexiona sobre los materiales con los que se propone construir una nueva novela”. En él, un escritor de 64 años (Pitol escribe el libro a sus 54, o sea que estamos ya en el terreno de la ficción) se prepara para escribir una nueva novela. Así, de entrada, tenemos ya dos narradores: el que nos cuenta la historia del “viejo novelista” y el viejo novelista mismo, que habrá de contar otra historia a partir del siguiente capítulo. Antes de hacerlo, el viejo escritor considera las críticas que ha hecho a su obra previa un querido amigo suyo. Apesadumbrado, el escritor quiere crear algo distinto, cambiar de registro, mudar de universo narrativo.Para ello,

En primer lugar, le interesa trabajar temas que aparecen en el libro de Mijail Bajtín sobre la cultura popular a inicios del renacimiento. Además, quiere crear un personaje que retome ciertas características de Chíchikov, el protagonista de Las almas muertas de Nikolai Gogol (un personaje, escribe, cuya “sordidez podría servir, igual que las inexistentes virtudes de Chíchikov, para iluminar la conducta de otros personajes y , a la vez, enriquecerse con su reflejo”). Por último, el sexagenario escritor recuerda a un antiguo y antipático compañero de estudios que le puede servir como modelo para el protagonista de su novela, al que habrá de bautizar a Dante Ciriaco de la Estrella.

El segundo capitulo de Domar a la divina garzaes, en realidad, el primero de esa novela que el escritor sexagenario ha proyectado en el primer capítulo. El licenciado en derecho Dante de la Estrella, un tipo pedante y desagradable, llega sin avisar a casa de la familia Millares, en Tepoztlán, donde lo sorprende una tormenta tropical que le impedirá marcharse. Atrapado con unas personas que lo desprecian ya quienes desprecian, Dante no encuentra nada mejor que hacer que contarles la historia de cuando viajó a Estambul y conoció a una escritora llamada Marietta Karapetiz, viuda de un célebre antropólogo. El encuentro en Turquía con Karapetiz (la “divina garza” del título) marcará la vida de Dante de manera irreversible, empujándolo al estudio meticuloso de la obra de Gogol, pero también hacia un padecimiento neurótico relacionado con la incontinencia, tanto verbal como excrementicia.

La trama de Domar a la divina garza , casi en su totalidad, es la historia que Dante de la Estrella cuenta, entre digresiones e hipérboles, en la sala familiar de los Millares, y es una historia que tiene lugar a lo largo de dos o tres dias en la ciudad de estambul. Cada tanto, la voz del narrador (es decir, el viejo novelista del primer capítulo) interrumpe el ditirambo de la Estrella con mordaces observaciones sobre éste y sus forzados anfitriones, los Millares.

Ahora bien, el juego de matryoshkas que Domar a la divina garza pone en escena no se limita a la relación entre los tres narradores (el narrador omnisciente del primer capítulo, el “viejo escritor” y Dante de la Estrella), sino que va todavía mas alla. Dentro del monólogo de Dante hay otros personajes que toman la palabra mediante la cita, sobre todo Marietta Karapetiz. Esta anciana intelectual afincada en Turquía habla, dentro del relato, con una voz muy similar a la del propio de la Estrella, resultando casi tan antipática como éste. Cuando Karapetiz toma las riendas del relato, priman también la perífrasis y la exageración, además de las constantes referencias a Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol.

Mientras que la voz de Dante se distingue claramente de la de otros personajes de Domar a la divina garza , su parecido con la voz de Karapetiz (a quien él mismo declara su némesis) salta a la vista y al oído. Entre esos dos personajes se establece una dinámica de simulación y antagonismo que es, en mi lectura, el corazón misterioso de la novela.

 

3.

A lo largo de los años, se ha impuesto más o menos el consenso de que la obra autobiográfica de Pitol constituye la cumbre indiscutible de su carrera, mientras que sus novelas agrupadas bajo la etiqueta de Tríptico del Carnaval — El desfile del amor , Domar a la divina garza , La vida conyugal — son obras consideradas “menores”, fatalmente lastradas por un aspecto humorístico o, más precisamente, paródico .

No es mi intención rebatir sin más esa valoración, sino más bien reflexionar sobre su significado. Para ello, encuentro útil recurrir al ensayo clásico del cubano Severo Sarduy, “El Barroco y el Neobarroco” (1972), que puede servir casi como una guía de lectura de Domar a la divina garza . Sarduy, que vivió en Francia entre 1960 y 1993, dedicó muchos de sus ensayos a pensar la literatura latinoamericana desde la óptica de un “regreso al barroco”, influenciado por el círculo intelectual de la revista Tel Quel .

Vale la pena empezar apuntando que, contra la tendencia de la crítica a descartar como “menores” las obras derivadas o paródicas, Sarduy afirma que “sólo en la medida en que una obra del barroco latinoamericano sea la desfiguración de una obra anterior que haya que leer en filigrana para gustar totalmente de ella, ésta pertenecerá a un género mayor”.

Domar a la divina garza , desde el primer capítulo, se propone dialogar en filigrana con obras anteriores, así como parodiarlas. A esta dimensión derivada o secundaria de la novela hay que sumar el hecho de que tiene un elemento escatológico central a la trama. Con eso podemos explicarnos que este libro haya quedado relegado a un segundo nivel por el horrible de la crítica latinoamericana (tan amiga de lo sublime y enemiga de la cochambre).

Este rechazo de la suciedad y lo excrementicio, esta la preferencia por lo “europeo” y lo “sofisticado” es uno de los aspectos de la “alta cultura” latinoamericana que el novelista Witold Gombrowicz criticó con acritud durante su largo exilio en Argentina. Para el polaco, las literaturas “periféricas” (lo dice a propósito de la argentina y la polaca, pero me permito ampliar su caracterización a la mexicana) deberán dejar de lado los modelos europeizantes y abrazar la inmadurez, la suciedad, la vileza propia de sus territorios; sólo por medio de este movimiento podrían alcanzar una expresión propia y añadir algo verdaderamente valioso a los anales de la literatura universal.

Pitol no sólo mantuvo correspondencia con Gombrowicz, sino que tradujo su última novela, Cosmos (1965). No es descabellado pensar que algunas de las ideas del polaco se han filtrado a su literatura, y particularmente, a Domar a la divina garza , donde la contraposición entre lo Noble y lo Abyecto, tratada por medio de la parodia, es uno de los temas capitales

 

4.

A la convergencia de parodia, intertextualidad, metaficción y carnaval, Severo Sarduy la denomina “neobarroco latinoamericano”, y dedica su célebre ensayo a rastrear tanto las estrategias discursivas como los presupuestos filosóficos de esta corriente. El cubano destaca la capacidad del neobarroco para incorporar otras literaturas en su seno y dialogar con ellas desde la ficción.

Pitol no solamente explicita, en el primer capítulo de su novela, algunas de las obras que el texto incorpora y que hay que leer en filigrana dentro del hiperbólico discurso de Dante de la Estrella (a las que podría resumir los nombres de Rabelais, Quevedo, Cervantes o Musil, entre otros), sino que da otra vuelta de tuerca al incluir dentro de esas referencias, precisamente, la obra de Bajtín que, siguiendo a Sarduy, es el teórico que mejor define y apuntala las características de la parodia literaria. Escribe Sarduy:

Según [Bajtín] la parodia deriva del género “serio-cómico” antiguo, el cual se relaciona con el folklore carnavalesco […] Sustrato y fundamento de este género —cuyos grandes momentos han sido el diálogo socrático y la sátira menipea—, el carnaval , espectáculo simbólico y sincrético en que reina lo “anormal”, en que se multiplican las confusiones y las profanaciones, la excentricidad y la ambivalencia, y cuya acción central es una coronación paródica, es decir, una apoteosis que esconde una irrisión…

Casi todos los elementos que Sarduy atribuye al neobarroco latinoamericano (artificio, surgir, parodia, intertextualidad, erotismo) pueden rastrearse en Domar a la divina garza que, como hemos visto, es un relato “en capas”.

En la novela hay una artificialización que procede por enmascaramiento o envolvimiento progresivo: comenzamos leyendo el relato de un escritor viejo que enlista las herramientas con las que quiere escribir una novela. A continuación, leemos esa novela, en la que un personaje (Dante C. de la Estrella) suelta un monólogo en primera persona ante un público cautivo pero poco atento. El contenido de ese monólogo, a su vez, apunta por sus mecanismos textuales hacia un nuevo nivel de artificialidad, y hay aún otros niveles de ficción adicionales dentro del monólogo (en algún momento, de la Estrella narra la trama de un cuento de Gogol de principio a fin, por ejemplo).

Por decirlo con la terminología de Roland Barthes, la novela de Sergio Pitol se inscribe en ese giro metalingüístico mediante el cual la literatura, en el siglo XX, se desprende de su vocación artesanal para convertirse en un lenguaje reflexivo. Se trata, pues, de una obra literaria que exhibe constantemente su opacidad, incorporando a su seno la conciencia-de-sí.

 

5.

Todo esto no quiere decir que Domar a la divina garza sea, sin más, una actualización de la categoría estética del neobarroco propuesta por Sarduy. Por el contrario, parece que Pitol, al servirse de la idea de lo carnavalesco y lo paródico de Bajtín para la construcción de la voz de Dante de la Estrella, lo que hace es crear un personaje de espíritu neobarroco que, en fricción con personajes de corte más realista (los Millares, los Vives: familias de la clase media ilustrada mexicana), provoca un nuevo tipo de absurdo. Este choque, esta confrontación de diferentes hablas , sólo es posible gracias a que el narrador (el escritor sexagenario) está un paso atrás, en un lugar aparentemente externo a la ficción, pero presa él mismo de un nivel de ficción distinto.

Las pocas interrupciones que los miembros de la familia Millares hacen del relato de Dante de la Estrella apuntan en un mismo sentido: están desesperados con la manera de hablar de su huésped, que parece dar rodeos a partir de una prohibición erótica : los Millares sospechan que a todo el relato de Dante de la Estrella subyace un asunto de faldas: un enamoramiento fallido con la Karapetiz o con otro personaje femenino de la novela, Ramona Vives. Pero los Millares están equivocados en esto: el elemento suprimido en el monólogo de la Estrella no es erótico sino, como se revela al final, escatológico.    

El relato en Domar a la divina garza no se origina porque Dante quiere contar algo, sino porque no quiere contarlo: la trama se desarrolla por los rodeos que da para no decir el asunto (un asunto relacionado con la mierda, según intuye el lector poco a poco), procediendo por alusiones veladas que irritan a los Millares.

(Hay algo interesante en el lugar que ocupan la irritación y la pedantería en la novela: los personajes resultantes, casi todos, irritantes . Pero, además, el propio Dante de la Estrella padece el síndrome del intestino irritable: es decir que su digestión, así como su capacidad para incorporar a su monólogo el habla de Karapetiz y de Nikolai Gogol , es imperfecta: la asimilación se queda en simulación, imitatio . que no ha digerido correctamente .relacionado con pedo , deriva en realidad —lo dice el diccionario etimológico Corominas— de “ peatón , de donde imitador ”.)

Cuando finalmente afronta en el relato el asunto reprimido (el objeto de su prohibición escatológica: lo abyecto), Dante Ciriaco de la Estrella neurotiza esa transgresión y debe ser escoltado fuera de la casa de los Millares, oliendo a caca.

Aquí, una vez más, es pertinente el texto de Sarduy, que dialoga intensamente con Kristeva, Lacan y el post-estructuralismo francés:

El “objeto” del barroco puede precisarse: es ese que Freud, pero sobre todo Abraham, llaman el objeto parcial : seno materno, excremento —y su equivalencia metafórica: oro , materia constituyente y soporte simbólico de todo barroco—, mirada, voz, cosa para siempre extranjera a todo lo que el hombre puede comprender.

Como apunté antes, las prácticas intertextuales a menudo son caracterizadas mediante la metáfora digestiva. Podríamos decir que Pitol digiere una tradición, en el sentido de que la asimila en las entrañas de su texto. El resultado de este proceso alquímico-digestivo es la mierda/oro a la que hace referencia Marietta Karapetiz, en la novela, al citar a Constantino Porfirogeneta: “Sólo cuando la mierda, que al fin y al cabo es fuego, rompe su pacto con el diablo, podrá volverse nutricia, soplo fecundante”.

Soy consciente de que esta lectura de Domar a la divina garza , contagiada por Sarduy y el espíritu carnavalesco, peligra con desbarrancarse hacia lo ilegible, así que me detengo.

Mise en abîme de resonancias picarescas, certera y ácida parodia de la clase intelectual mexicana, exceso verbal que desgarra —irrita— los manuales del “buen estilo” literario, Domar a la divina garza es una obra maestra porque permite una variedad de lecturas que tiende al infinito. En su juego de espejos, en sus referencias intertextuales y en sus oscuras y pestilentes entrañas se cifra uno de los momentos más altos de la ficción mexicana del siglo pasado. Leída en relación con las coordenadas filosóficas del neobarroco latinoamericano (bajo cuyo manto caben tanto Lezama Lima como García Márquez), la novela se despliega como un auténtico tour de force de la erudición, el sentido del humor y la metaliteratura.

Sergio Pitol con el Rey Juan Carlos I y la Reina Sofía de España, el presidente José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero de España, su primo Luis Demeneghi y sus sobrinas María y Laura Demeneghi después de recibir el Premio Cervantes, 2005.
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